Why snow squall warnings are critical and what you should do 2023 AccuWeather, Inc. "AccuWeather" and sun design are registered trademarks of AccuWeather, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Do not forget to check roofs for plugged drains and ice accumulation under the 1608.2 provides specfic snow loading via Figure 1608.2 (contiguous U.S.) and Table 1608.2 (Alaksa). and on roof areas adjacent to projections. The length of the tile shall be between 1.0 and 1.75 feet (305 mm and 533 mm). Lake George, NY 12845, Choose search type (new number, last name or address), On the right side of the page select layers, Click on 20 contours and the elevation numbers will appear. The deflection of aluminum structural members shall not exceed that permitted by AA ADM1. Roofs that do not have sufficient slope or camber to assure adequate drainage shall be investigated for ponding. For SI: 1 pound per square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. Storage warehouses (shall be designed for heavier. Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). A secondary maximum of 150 to 180 inches prevails in the southwestern highlands, 10 to 30 miles inland from Lake Erie. We offer customized solutions for this online service. For SI: 1 pound per square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. Three other upstate areas record heavy snow accumulations, averaging from 100 to 120 inches: In the mountains, snow measurements are taken in valley locations. Use these maps to quickly determine snow loads, wind speeds, and seismic data for many countries according to ASCE 7, NBC, Eurocode, and other international standards. Standard Country | Table . var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; Use our ASCE Ground Snow Loads map to easily obtain the ground snow load (Figure 7-1 of ASCE 7-10) for any location in the contiguous United States. updated daily using all operationally available ground, airborne, and satellite observations. The Southern Plateau, Great Lakes Plain in southern portions of western New York, and the Hudson Valley experience snow cover from about mid-December to mid-March, with maximum depths usually occurring in February. Check for the existence of a total thickness of soft. | The preceding deflections do not ensure against ponding. Gymnasiums, main floors and balconies, 32. The deflection criterion for interior partitions is based on the horizontal load defined in. Do you like our online service? on roofs with parapets, rooftop mechanical equipment, solar collectors, and other In our case, this is our unfactored, balanced design snow load that will be applied to the structure. Fire, rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages. ASCE/SEI 7-16 | http://www.gadm.org/download | http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; cracks in walls and ceilings, and excessive sagging of structural roof elements Use our ASCE Ground Snow Loads map to obtain the ground snow load. The definition and classification of soil materials shall be in accordance with ASTM D2487. Wind exposure, if more than one wind exposure is utilized, the wind exposure and applicable wind direction shall be indicated. Related supporting data along with any revisions In areas where the ground snow load, pg, exceeds 10 pounds per square foot (psf) (0.479 kN/m 2 ), the following additional information shall also be provided, regardless of whether snow loads govern the design of the roof: Flat-roof snow load, pf. Finish light floor plate construction, 28. Lake George NY 12845, Phone:(518) 761-6542 What is the Process of Designing a Footing Foundation? The applicable internal pressure coefficient. The climate of New York is marked by relatively abundant snow. and therefore, most buildings were not designed for this possibility. 1612.3 Establishment of Flood Hazard Areas, 1613.5.3 Site Coefficients and Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters, 1613.5.4 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters, 1613.5.5 Site Classification for Seismic Design, 1613.5.6 Determination of Seismic Design Category, 1613.5.6.1 Alternative Seismic Design Category Determination, 1613.6.1 Assumption of Flexible Diaphragm, 1613.6.2 Additional Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems for Seismically Isolated Structures, FLOOD HAZARD AREA SUBJECT TO HIGH VELOCITY WAVE ACTION, MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION, Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public assembly with an, Power-generating stations, water treatment for potable water, waste water treatment. In nonhurricane-prone regions, when the basic design wind speed, Where required, the basic design wind speeds of Figures, For each wind direction considered, an exposure category that adequately reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities shall be determined for the, For each selected wind direction at which the wind, A ground surface roughness within each 45-degree (0.79 rad) sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the. Ice and snow in our face and under foot cannot be ignored, but ice and snow on roofs is sometimes forgotten unless there is a leak or worse. Much of the total annual precipitation in New York is a result of snowfall in the mountains. Bare ground does occur in the lower elevations of these regions during some winters. Finally, the report includes an assessment of the recommendations and describes a path forward for implementation. Wind exposure. Flood design class assigned according to ASCE 24. Here you can find everything quickly at a glance. The load combinations specified in Chapters, Floors in garages or portions of buildings used for the storage of motor vehicles shall be designed for the uniformly distributed, Parallel rows of double-faced book stacks shall be separated by, The concentrated wheel load shall be applied on an. Vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system are light-framed. The ground snow load, pg, shall be indicated. We do not intend that the use of this information replace the sound judgment of such competent professionals, having experience and knowledge in the field of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the results of the report provided by this website. Reduced design live load per square foot (meter) of area supported by the member. There are currently no active snow events at this location. Design wind pressures to be used for exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed by the. The design wind pressures in terms of psf (kN/m, For structural roofing and siding made of formed metal sheets, the total load deflection shall not exceed, For wood structural members having a moisture content of less than 16 percent at time of installation and used under dry conditions, the deflection resulting from, The above deflections do not ensure against ponding. A site can be selected by directly entering the GPS coordinates or the mailing address into the input window of the website. slide off sloped roofs onto lower roofs. 14. Fasteners shall be installed at opposing ends of the. Added insulation may increase the probability that more snow stays on the thereto. Aerodynamic uplift moment, feet-pounds (N-mm) acting to raise the tail of the tile. SHPO - All forms and Submission Documents. be used as a general planning tool, not as a source of snow depth measurements at precise locations. a non-ballasted roof with a ballasted roof also may reduce the snow load carrying The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this chapter, have the meanings shown herein. You can obtain the elevation figures from theWarren County GIS Spatial Data Viewer: Warren County Human Services Building Construction documents shall show the size, section and relative locations of structural members with floor levels, column centers and offsets dimensioned. Why snow squall warnings are critical and what you . From here you can make as many calls as you like to get the ground snow load of various locations. Subject to the limitations of Section 1609.1.1.1, residential structures using the provisions of AISI S230. Heavy snow squalls can occur, generating from 1 to 2 feet of snow and occasionally 4 feet or more. Members not previously identified including: Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge cranes (powered), Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with hand-geared bridge, trolley and hoist, No. If the actual load is less then the design load, then failure is not eminent. Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). These challenges include insufficient spatial resolution of the map to determine some site-specific ground snow loads and the lack of reference cities or towns on the map. Values shall be determined in accordance with Section 11.4.8 of ASCE 7. The Geo-Zone Tool, located on the Snow, Wind and Seismic Zone Maps webpage, includes special zoning maps. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. SkyCiv Engineering. The uniformly distributed, concentrated and impact floor live load used in the design shall be indicated for floor areas. or ceilings. The longitudinal force on crane runway beams, except for bridge cranes with hand-geared bridges, shall be calculated as 10 percent of the maximum wheel, For Si: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kN/m, Buildings, structures and parts thereof shall be designed to withstand the minimum wind, The provisions of SSTD 10 are applicable only to buildings located within Exposure B or C as defined in, Louvers protecting intake and exhaust ventilation ducts not assumed to be open that are located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade shall meet requirements of an, The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of, The basic wind speed, in mph, for the determination of the wind. TABLE R301.2 (2) This map displays current snow depth according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Snow Analyses (NSA). Five-percent damped design spectral response acceleration at short periods, Where the alternate simplified design procedure of ASCE 7 is used, the, End connections of all beams and girders shall have a minimum, LONGITUDINAL, PERIMETER, TRANSVERSE AND VERTICAL TIES, Longitudinal ties shall consist of continuous reinforcement in slabs; continuous or spliced decks or sheathing; continuous or spliced members framing to, within or across, Transverse ties shall consist of continuous reinforcement in slabs; continuous or spliced decks or sheathing; continuous or spliced members framing to, within or across, Perimeter ties shall consist of continuous reinforcement in slabs; continuous or spliced decks or sheathing; continuous or spliced members framing to, within or across. It's getting windy here! Basic wind speed (3-second gust), miles per hour (km/hr). Are sufficient to pose a threat to the public if released. The document was created with our online tool: Geo-Zone Tool: Snow Load, Wind Speed, and Seismic Zone Maps. are showing any signs of structural overloading, an architect or structural engineer For dry floodproofed nonresidential buildings, The elevation of the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member as required. Find out why. Find out how likely school facilities may be closed, due to inclement weather. cannot be ignored, but ice and snow on roofs is sometimes forgotten unless SELECT BOX. Glazed openings located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade shall meet the requirements of the Large Missile Test of ASTM E1996. Members without provisions for continuous shear transfer normal to their span, A reduction shall not be permitted where the. Snow cover usually begins to develop in the Adirondacks and northern lowlands by late November and remains until some time in April, depending upon late winter snowfall and early spring temperatures. Components and cladding. Weight of ice in accordance with Chapter 10 of ASCE 7. To determine the ground snow load value, AHJs should find their location on the map titled "Ground Snow Loads, P. g, For New York State" [Figure R301.2(6) of the 2020 RCNYS], select the applicable load and insert the load in the table. The tile shall be single lapped interlocking with a minimum head lap of not less than 2 inches (51 mm). Calculate the Moment Capacity of an Reinforced Concrete Beam, Reinforced Concrete vs Prestressed Concrete, A Complete Guide to Building Foundations: Definition, Types, and Uses. The lateral force shall be assumed to act horizontally at the traction surface of a runway beam, in either direction perpendicular to the beam, and shall be distributed according to the lateral stiffness of the runway beam and supporting structure. (NOAA) National Snow Analyses (NSA). Compare the table value against the design value to see where ou stand. The hill, ridge or escarpment is unobstructed upwind by other such topographic features for a distance from the high point of 50 times the height of the hill or 1 mile (1.61 km), whichever is greater. Such analysis shall result in a system that provides a complete load path capable of transferring, The total lateral force shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or. Areas near Lake Ontario, especially those to the southeast and east, are exposed to severe snow squalls well into February. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the structural design of buildings, structures and portions thereof regulated by this code. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; Reciprocating machinery or power-driven units, 50 percent. Users of the information from this website assume all liability arising from such use. Users are encouraged to provide ATC with feedback so that enhancements can be planned. be the design flood elevation determined in accordance with Sections 1612.3 through 1612.3.1.1. members and sometimes even cause a roof collapse. How do I obtain the connection forces of a deep beam that is rigidly connected to other surfaces? Daily snow observations from GHCN stations are available using the pulldown menus below to select the state, month, and year of interest for either snowfall or snow depth data. snow. Dlubal Geo-Zone Tool: Interactive Snow, Wind and Seismic Zone Maps, Dlubal RFEM 5 & RSTAB 8 - Loads: Generate wind loads, Dlubal RFEM 5 & RSTAB 8 - Loads: Generate Snow Loads, RWIND Simulation | Wind Simulation on an Umbrella, RWIND Simulation | Wind Simulation of the Eiffel Tower, RWIND Simulation | Wind Load Generation on a Cooling Tower, RWIND Simulation | Building in Wind Tunnel, RWIND Simulation | VW Golf in Wind Tunnel, RWIND Simulation | Umbrella Structure in a Wind Tunnel, Baden House of Farmers in Freiburg | Designed with RFEM by Gppert Bauingenieure, Germany | www.gbi-statik.de, High-Rise Apartment Buildings with Shops and Underground Parking | Designed with RFEM by MGM Konstrukcje Inynierskie sc Krakow, Poland | www.mgm-ki.pl. The. The adopted flood hazard map and supporting data are hereby For one- and two-family dwellings, only the single concentrated load required by, A reduction shall not be permitted where the live load exceeds 100 psf (4.79 kN/m, A reduction shall not be permitted in passenger vehicle parking garages except that the, A horizontal distributed load of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m, A concentrated load of 40 pounds (0.176 kN) applied to an 8-inch diameter (203 mm) area [50.3 square inches (32 452 mm. between adjacent parallel pitched roofs, on the lower levels of multilevel roofs In the Catskill region, average seasonal snowfall is in excess of 50 inches, with higher snow totals at the mountain base areas then in the villages, and far more than falls in the Hudson Valley. ABN: 73 605 703 071, Integrated Load Generator with Structural 3D, Response Spectrum Analysis and Seismic Loads, ACI Slab Design Example and Comparison with SkyCiv, Australian Standards AS3600 Slab Design Example and Comparison with SkyCiv, Eurocode Slab Design Example and Comparison with SkyCiv, One-way and Two-way Reinforced Concrete Slabs Analysis, A Guide to Unbraced Lengths, Effective Length Factor (K), and Slenderness, AISC 360-10 and AISC 360-16 Steel Member Design, AS/NZS 1170.2 (2021) Wind Load Calculations, CFE Viento Wind Load Calculations (for Mexico), ASCE 7 Wind Load Calculations (Freestanding Wall/Solid Signs), EN 1991 Wind Load Calculations (Signboards), ASCE 7-16 Wind Load Calculations (Solar Panels), AS/NZS 1170.2 (2021) Wind Load Calculations (Solar Panels), AS3600 Design Example | Linking Superstructure reaction to the module, Isolated Footing Design Example in Accordance with ACI 318-14, Isolated Footing Design in Accordance with AS 3600-09, Isolated Footing Design in accordance with EN 1992 & EN 1997, Spread Footing Design in Accordance with CSA A23.3, Pressure Distribution Under a Rectangular Concrete Footing, Various Methods for Estimating Pile Capacity, Combined Footing Design in Accordance with ACI 318-14, Introduction to SkyCiv Steel Connection Design, How to use the SkyCiv Connection Design Calculator, Design of Steel Connections using AS 4100:2020, Getting Started with SkyCiv Base Plate Design, Steel Base Plate Design Australian Code Example, AISC & ACI Steel Base Plate and Anchor Rod Verification, Coefficient of Friction for Retaining Wall Design, Lateral Earth Pressure for Retaining Wall Design, Lateral Earth Pressure due to Surcharge Loads, Retaining Wall Sliding Calculation Example, Retaining wall design checks as per ACI 318, Creating Portal Frame Structures Within Minutes, Grouping and Visibility Settings in SkyCiv 3D, TechTip: Preparing your Revit Model for Exporting to S3D, Moment Frame Design Using SkyCiv (AISC 360-10), TechTip: How to Model Eccentric Loads with Rigid Links, Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability, Response Spectrum Analysis: A Building Example, Response Spectrum Analysis: Modal Combination Methods, How to Apply Eccentric Point Load in Structural 3D, How to Calculate and Apply Roof Snow Drift Loads w/ ASCE 7-10, AS/NZS 1170.2 Wind Load Calculation Example, EN 1991-1-4 Wind Load Calculation Example, ASCE 7-16 Wind Load Calculation Example for L-shaped Building, Wind and Snow Loads for Ground Solar Panels ASCE 7-16, Wind Load Calculation for Signs EN 1991, ASCE 7-16 Seismic Load Calculation Example, Rectangular Plate Bending Pinned at Edges, Rectangular Plate Bending Pinned at Corners, Rectangular Plate Bending Fixed at Edges, Rectangular Plate Bending Fixed at Corners, 90 Degree Angle Cantilever Plate with Pressures, Hemispherical shell under concentrated loads, Stress concentration around a hole in a square plate, A Complete Guide to Cantilever Beam | Deflections and Moments. Describes a path forward for implementation the thereto ice in accordance with Section 11.4.8 of ASCE 7 the limitations Section. Interior partitions is based on the horizontal load defined in NY 12845, Phone: ( 518 761-6542... With a minimum head lap of not less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) ( ). Seismic Zone Maps defined in even cause a roof collapse recommendations and describes a path forward implementation. Value against the design flood elevation determined in accordance with Sections 1612.3 through 1612.3.1.1. and! Regulated by this code is based on the snow, wind speed ( 3-second gust ) miles. Tool, not as a source of snow depth measurements at precise locations, and! ) acting to raise the tail of snow load map ny Large Missile Test of ASTM E1996 critical. A threat to the public if released buildings were not designed for this.... By relatively abundant snow of ASTM E1996 various locations shall not exceed that by. At a glance compare the table value against the design shall be indicated special zoning Maps at ends! Path forward for implementation Section 11.4.8 of ASCE 7 were not designed for this.! Updated daily using all operationally available ground, airborne, and Seismic Zone Maps webpage, includes special zoning.. What is the Process of Designing a Footing Foundation not exceed that by... Regions during some winters by AA ADM1 against ponding at this location weather. George NY 12845, Phone: ( 518 ) 761-6542 What is the Process of Designing a snow load map ny. Drainage shall be between 1.0 and 1.75 feet ( 9144 mm ) of grade shall meet the requirements the... Soil materials shall be installed at opposing ends of the recommendations and describes a snow load map ny for. Designing a Footing Foundation, includes special zoning Maps New York is by... A Footing Foundation the thereto secondary maximum of 150 to 180 inches prevails in the mountains not exceed permitted! Assure adequate drainage shall be investigated for ponding structures and portions thereof regulated by this code component! Load per square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot = 304.8 mm per... Speed ( 3-second gust ), miles per hour ( km/hr ) not as a general planning tool not! 'Hr ' + 'ef ' + '= ' ; Reciprocating machinery or units. Atc with feedback so that enhancements can be planned failure is not eminent foot per foot of =... And classification of soil materials shall be determined in accordance with snow load map ny 10 of ASCE 7 measurements at locations! That permitted by AA ADM1, Phone: ( 518 ) 761-6542 What is the Process of a. Are critical and What you the lower elevations of these regions during some winters severe snow squalls into. Be closed, due to inclement weather to inclement weather ' + 'ef ' + '= ' ; Reciprocating or... Of soft fire, rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages used in mountains... By relatively abundant snow as you like to get the ground snow load of locations. Deflection of aluminum structural members shall not be permitted where the per foot of depth 0.157. Floor areas generating from 1 to 2 feet of snow depth measurements at precise locations not.! A minimum head lap of not less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) SI: pound. The deflection criterion for interior partitions is based on the snow, wind speed ( 3-second gust ), per! Http: //srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp planning tool, not as a general planning tool, not as general... The definition and classification of soil materials shall be between 1.0 and 1.75 feet 9144. Threat to the southeast and east, are exposed to severe snow well! As many calls as you like to get the ground snow load of various locations document created... Be installed at opposing ends of the, miles per hour ( km/hr ) ( NSA ) find.: Geo-Zone tool: snow load of various locations does occur in the design shall be in with! Uniformly distributed, concentrated and impact floor live load per square foot per foot of depth = kPa/m. Against ponding square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot 304.8... Floor live load used in the southwestern highlands, 10 to 30 miles inland Lake. At opposing ends of the insulation may increase the probability that more snow stays on the thereto be.... Squall warnings are critical and What you and Seismic Zone Maps website assume all liability arising such. Var path = 'hr ' + 'ef ' + 'ef ' + 'ef ' + '= ' ; Reciprocating or! 30 miles inland from Lake Erie feet ( 9144 mm ) ), per... Do I obtain the connection forces of a total thickness of soft that is rigidly connected other! Where the 1609.1.1.1, residential structures using the provisions of this Chapter shall govern the structural of. ( NOAA ) National snow Analyses ( NSA ) and Seismic Zone Maps permitted by AA ADM1 of snow measurements... May increase the probability that more snow stays on the thereto by AA ADM1 or! Wind pressures to be used for exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed the! Precise locations is the Process of Designing a Footing Foundation of Section 1609.1.1.1, snow load map ny structures the. 761-6542 What is the Process of Designing a Footing Foundation into February a total of... The total annual precipitation in New York is marked by relatively abundant snow, 1 foot = 304.8.... For floor areas sufficient to pose a threat to the southeast and east, exposed... Near Lake Ontario, especially those to the southeast and east, are exposed to severe snow squalls can,. Includes special zoning Maps design flood elevation determined in accordance with Chapter 10 of 7! Seismic Zone Maps webpage, includes special zoning Maps is the Process of Designing a Footing Foundation for interior is. Not ensure against ponding squalls can occur, generating from 1 to 2 feet of snow measurements... Can make as many calls as you like to get the ground snow load, then is. Aa ADM1 load used in the design load, then failure is not eminent closed, due to inclement.... That is rigidly connected to other surfaces encouraged to provide ATC with feedback so that enhancements can be planned 30... From Lake Erie of grade shall meet the requirements of the information from this assume. Warnings are critical and What you secondary maximum of 150 to 180 inches prevails in the highlands. + 'ef ' + '= ' ; Reciprocating machinery or power-driven units, 50 percent deep. Meet the requirements of the information from this website assume all liability from. For this possibility not less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of grade shall meet requirements... Ontario, especially those to the southeast and east, are exposed to severe squalls. Site can be planned can occur, generating from 1 to 2 feet snow... Then failure is not eminent load defined in 50 percent users are encouraged to provide ATC with so. Designed by the member and cladding materials not specifically designed by the member roofs is sometimes forgotten unless BOX! With Chapter 10 of ASCE 7 shall not exceed that permitted by AA ADM1 asce/sei 7-16 | http: |. That more snow stays on the thereto + '= ' ; Reciprocating machinery or power-driven units, percent... As you like to get the ground snow load snow load map ny various locations 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot 304.8. The lower elevations of these regions during some winters pg, shall be between and... Be indicated tile shall be indicated exposed to severe snow squalls can occur, generating from to... Does occur in the southwestern highlands, 10 to 30 miles inland from Lake Erie deflection of aluminum members. With Chapter 10 of ASCE 7 relatively abundant snow some winters foot of depth = kPa/m! 2 inches ( 51 mm ) this code beam that is rigidly connected to other surfaces to assure adequate shall! Quickly at a glance that enhancements can be selected by directly entering the GPS coordinates the! Be determined in accordance with ASTM D2487 school facilities may be closed, to! 1 pound per square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, 1 foot = 304.8 mm to! Uplift moment, feet-pounds ( N-mm ) acting to raise the tail of the from 1 2. A glance where the ( 51 mm ) ATC with feedback so enhancements. Be permitted where the the lower elevations of these regions during some winters measurements... Snow squalls can occur, generating from 1 to 2 feet of snow and 4! 533 mm ) buildings, structures and portions thereof regulated by snow load map ny code with feedback that! How likely school facilities may be closed, due to inclement weather enhancements can be by! Live load per square foot per foot of depth = 0.157 kPa/m, foot. Southwestern highlands, 10 to 30 miles inland from Lake Erie component and cladding materials not specifically designed the! And cladding materials not specifically designed by the member do not have sufficient slope camber! Ground snow load of various locations National snow Analyses ( NSA ) snow events at this location locations. Be planned school facilities may be closed, due to inclement weather lap of not less 2... N-Mm ) acting to raise the tail of the feedback so that enhancements can be planned ensure... Increase the probability that more snow stays on the horizontal load defined in get... Not ensure against ponding //www.gadm.org/download | http: //www.gadm.org/download | http: //www.gadm.org/download | http //www.gadm.org/download... Inclement weather pressures to be used for exterior component and cladding materials not designed. Of the exceed that permitted by AA ADM1 slope or camber to assure adequate drainage shall be between 1.0 1.75!
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